Single-Cell Sequencing of iPSC-Dopamine Neurons Reconstructs Disease Progression and Identifies HDAC4 as a Regulator of Parkinson Cell Phenotypes

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Human Hippocampal Neurogenesis Persists in Aged Adults and Alzheimer’s Disease Patients

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Cell-Type-Specific Gene Expression Profiling in Adult Mouse Brain Reveals Normal and Disease-State Signatures

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Fasting-Mimicking Diet Modulates Microbiota and Promotes Intestinal Regeneration to Reduce Inflammatory Bowel Disease Pathology

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韭菜化感物质草莓酸对香蕉枯萎病菌的影响

香蕉枯萎病主要由尖孢镰刀菌 4 号生理小种(Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense,Foc4)引起的一种土传病害,严重威胁香蕉产业的可持续发展。为寻求一种经济有效且环保的防治措施,以韭菜化感物质的衍生物草莓酸(strawberry acid,SA)为材料,通过平板和盆栽实验,研究了SA对Foc4的菌丝生长、香蕉枯萎病病情指数、土壤微生物数量、土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明:(1)随着SA浓度的增加,Foc4的菌落生长直径显著减小,第5天时菌落直径在SA浓度为300、450 μL·L^-1时比150 μL·L^-1分别减小了49.15%、70.89%; 液体培养条件下SA浓度为600 μL·L^-1时Foc4的分生孢子数量显著低于对照处理(相差 470 多倍); pH为5时SA对Foc4的抑制效果显著比pH为7和9时好。(2)随实验处理时间的延长,添加 SA后香蕉幼苗的病情指数显著低于对照。(3)土壤细菌、真菌数量和微生物总量在SA为600 μL·L^-1时均为最高; Foc4数量随SA浓度升高而降低,在1 200 μL·L^-1时显著降低。(4)各土壤酶在浓度(300～600 μL·L^-1)SA处理时活性较高; 1 200 μL·L^-1时显著降低,过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶较对照分别降低了41.88%、54.82%。(5)相关性分析得出,土壤微生物总量与细菌、真菌数量极显著正相关; 土壤真菌与放线菌显著负相关; 土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量均与蔗糖酶、多酚氧化酶显著正相关; 蔗糖酶与脲酶、过氧化氢酶与多酚氧化酶均显著正相关。综上认为,添加SA浓度为600 μL·L^-1能较好地抑制Foc4的菌丝生长且能提高其抑制率,病情指数明显降低,有利于改善香蕉的生长环境。该研究结果为有效利用SA防治香蕉枯萎病提供了科学依据。     

Invasive maize spotted stem borer Chilo partellus Swinhoe 1885 (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is the dominant pest in maize agro-system in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey

The maize spotted stem borer Chilo partellus Swinhoe 1885 (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) was recorded for the first time in Turkey in 2014. This pest is described as invasive, especially in the current climate change dispensation. It is important to investigate the population dynamics of C. partellus for better management practices. We studied the species abundance distribution (SAD) models and some biodiversity indices of three major stem bores, C. partellus, Ostrinia nubilalis and Sesamia nonagrioides as these are the most common and major stem borers of maize in the Mediterranean Region. With the help of light traps, weekly catches of the three major maize stem borers were collected during two maize growing seasons (first cropping and second cropping seasons) in 2018 and 2019. The results showed that C. partellus emerged earlier (April-May) and was very dominant throughout the first cropping season of maize. Ostrinia nubilalis and S. nonagrioides emerged late in June-July, and its population remained low throughout the first cropping season. The population structure of all three stem borers was similar throughout the second cropping season of maize. The relative abundance (RA) of C. partellus was significantly higher than that of O. nubilalis and S. nonagrioides in the first cropping (p <.0001) when compared to the second cropping season (p >.05) for both years. In the first cropping season for both years, no SAD model fitted the observed species distribution, although Fisher’s log series was relatively similar. In the second cropping for both years, the geometric series distribution model fitted the observed SAD. The Berger-Parker dominance index was greater for the first cropping season than that of the second, whereas the opposite was true for the Simpson’s evenness and evenness of Pielou. High RA of C. partellus and the geometric series distribution observed in the second cropping are indicative of a possible dominant status of the C. partellus in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Our findings indicated that seasonality is a fundamental driving factor influencing the distribution of the three major stem borers of maize in the Mediterranean Region. In addition, the long and warmer winters could be the reason for the dominance of C. partellus as indicated by the diversity indices.     

二斑叶螨为害对草莓叶片H2O2、MDA含量以及部分防御酶活性的影响

本文旨在探究二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae为害对草莓Fragaria×ananassa Duch.叶片内过氧化氢（H2O2）、丙二醛（MDA）含量以及部分防御酶活性的影响。在草莓苗上接种不同数量（5~25头）的二斑叶螨,分别在接种后的24 h、48 h和72 h取样,分析草莓叶片内H2O2、MDA的含量以及部分防御酶的活性。结果显示,二斑叶螨为害的草莓叶片内H2O2和MDA的含量以及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的活性随着时间的延长而呈现先升后降的趋势,在二斑叶螨持续为害草莓叶片24 h、48 h和72 h时,受损草莓叶片中H2O2的含量均显著高于对照（P<0.05）,不同密度二斑叶螨为害的草莓叶片中H2O2的含量均显著高于对照（P<0.05）,但与取食时间关系不大。当为害时间达到48 h时,MDA的含量和SOD的活性均达到最高峰,此时它们均与二斑叶螨的密度密切相关。当二斑叶螨为25头/叶时,MDA的含量和SOD的活性分别约是对照的3.6倍和10倍。过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活性随时间延长不断升高,均在二斑叶螨为害72 h时达到最高峰。同时,二斑叶螨的为害时间和为害密度之间存在一定的交互作用。以上结果表明草莓叶片主要通过调节其体内H2O2和MDA的含量以及各种防御酶活性的变化,对二斑叶螨的为害产生应激反应。     

Gait stride-to-stride variability and foot clearance pattern analysis in Idiopathic Parkinson’s Disease and Vascular Parkinsonism

The literature on gait analysis in Vascular Parkinsonism (VaP), addressing issues such as variability, foot clearance patterns, and the effect of levodopa, is scarce. This study investigates whether spatiotemporal, foot clearance and stride-to-stride variability analysis can discriminate VaP, and responsiveness to levodopa.Fifteen healthy subjects, 15 Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease (IPD) patients and 15 VaP patients, were assessed in two phases: before (Off-state), and one hour after (On-state) the acute administration of a suprathreshold (1.5 times the usual) levodopa dose. Participants were asked to walk a 30-meter continuous course at a self-selected walking speed while wearing foot-worn inertial sensors. For each gait variable, mean, coefficient of variation (CV), and standard deviations SD1 and SD2 obtained by Poincaré analysis were calculated. General linear models (GLMs) were used to identify group differences. Patients were subject to neuropsychological evaluation (MoCA test) and Brain MRI.VaP patients presented lower mean stride velocity, stride length, lift-off and strike angle, and height of maximum toe (later swing) (p < .05), and higher %gait cycle in double support, with only the latter unresponsive to levodopa. VaP patients also presented higher CV, significantly reduced after levodopa. Yet, all VaP versus IPD differences lost significance when accounting for mean stride length as a covariate.In conclusion, VaP patients presented a unique gait with reduced degrees of foot clearance, probably correlated to vascular lesioning in dopaminergic/non-dopaminergic cortical and subcortical non-dopaminergic networks, still amenable to benefit from levodopa. The dependency of gait and foot clearance and variability deficits from stride length deserves future clarification.